![]() Unprotected sexual contact with an infected person can also spread HBV.transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products.reusing inadequately sterilised medical equipment.sharing personal items, which may be contaminated with blood, such as razors, shavers and nail trimmers.using contaminated instruments for ear-piercing, tattooing or acupuncture.sharing injection instruments for drug injection.contact with an infected person's blood or body fluids through broken skin, or mucosal membranes of the eyes or mouths.HBV can also be transmitted through contact with blood or body fluids of an infected person:.Please click here more information about MTCT of hepatitis B. In endemic places, most persons with CHB acquired HBV infection by mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). HBV can be transmitted from mothers with CHB to their babies during delivery.In 2022, about 2.5% of pregnant women had been infected with HBV in Hong Kong.According to the latest local epidemiological studies, about 6% of the Hong Kong population had been infected with HBV.HBV infection may remain asymptomatic until signs and symptoms develop secondary to serious liver damage.About 15-40% of untreated people with CHB could develop cirrhosis and liver cancer. CHB is a lifelong infection and may lead to acute liver failure.Up to 90% of newborn babies infected with HBV would develop CHB, while the risk for adults is about 5%. The younger a person is when infected with HBV, the higher the risk of developing chronic infection. Some people fail to clear the virus and develop chronic hepatitis B (CHB).Infants and young children are mostly asymptomatic when newly infected with HBV, while 30–50% of older children or adults with acute hepatitis B may develop symptoms that are undistinguishable from hepatitis of other causes, such as fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, upper abdominal discomfort, tea-coloured urine and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and the whites of eyes).The incubation period ranges from 30 to 180 days, with an average of 75 days.Hepatitis B is a liver disease caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection.Cancer treatments can suppress the immune system and cause the virus to reactivate, which can lead to serious liver damage or liver failure. According to the ASCO statement, up to 90% of people diagnosed with cancer have at least one risk factor for hepatitis B. On July 27, 2020, the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) published provisional guidelines recommending that all people diagnosed with cancer be tested for hepatitis B before starting anticancer treatment. Residents and staff of facilities for developmentally disabled persons.Inmates and staff of a correctional facility.Kidney dialysis patients and those in early kidney (renal) failure.Anyone diagnosed with cancer prior to initiation of anticancer treatment.Adoptive families of children from countries where hepatitis B is common (see #7).Children adopted from countries where hepatitis B is common (see #7).Individuals born to parents who have emigrated from countries where hepatitis B is common (see #7).Individuals born in countries where hepatitis B is common (Asia, Africa, South America, Pacific Islands, Eastern Europe, and the Middle East).Sexual partners or those living in close household contact with an infected person.Illicit drug users (injecting, inhaling, snorting, pill popping).Individuals diagnosed with a sexually transmitted disease.Sexually active individuals (more than 1 partner in the past six months).Health care providers and emergency responders.The following is a guide for screening high-risk groups for hepatitis B, but the list certainly doesn't represent all potential risk factors. Although everyone may be at risk for a hepatitis B infection during their lifetime, there are groups of people who are at higher risk because of where they were born, their occupation or life choices. It is not a genetic disease – it is an infectious disease that is transmitted through blood. The hepatitis B virus can infect infants, children, teens and adults. It cannot be spread through toilet seats, doorknobs, sneezing, coughing, hugging or eating meals with someone who is infected with hepatitis B. In addition, sharing sharp instruments such as razors, toothbrushes, nail clippers, earrings and body jewelry can be a source of infection. Needles and other medical/dental equipments or procedures that are contaminated or not sterileīody piercing, tattooing, acupuncture and even nail salons are other potential routes of infection unless sterile needles and equipment are used. The hepatitis B virus is transmitted through blood and sexual fluids. This can most commonly occur in the following ways:įrom an infected pregnant person to their newborn during pregnancy and childbirth
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